function preorder($root){
 $stack = array();
 array_push($stack, $root);
 while(!empty($stack)){
  $center_node = array_pop($stack);
  echo $center_node->value; // 根节点
  if($center_node->right != null)
   array_push($stack, $center_node->right); // 压入右子树
  if($center_node->left != null)
   array_push($stack, $center_node->left); // 压入左子树
 }
}

function inorder($root){
 $stack = array();
 $center_node = $root;
 while(!empty($stack) || $center_node != null){
  while($center_node != null){
   array_push($stack, $center_node);
   $center_node = $center_node->left;
  }
  $center_node = array_pop($stack);
  echo $center_node->value;
  $center_node = $center_node->right;
 }
}

function tailorder($root){
 $stack = array();
 $outstack = array();
 array_push($$stack, $root);
 while($empty($stack)){
  $center_node = array_pop($stack);
  array_push($outstack, $center_node);
  if($center_node->right != null)
   array_push($stack, $center_node->right);
  if($center_node->left != null)
   array_push($stack, $center_node->left);
 }
 while($empty($outstack)){
  $center_node = array_pop($outstack);
  echo $center_node->value;
 }
}